PARTIAL ANCHORS IN ALLOYS

Different types of prosthetic designs are currently used as anchorage, especially with the development of materials and surgical protocols. Covering crowns are a widely used anchorage element, however, it is necessary to carefully choose the element that can serve both as restoration of tissue loss and retention (especially in the case of bridges) on the one hand, and tissue saving and aesthetics on the other.

Partial anchors (inlays and onlays) are elements indicated according to the extent of the lesion and the occlusal contacts. They are either single partial covering crowns or anchoring means (short-span bridge). They can be made of alloy, ceramic, composite, and even temporary resin. Finally, the prosthetic piece can be bonded or sealed depending on the material corresponding to the clinical situation.

2. Definitions:
   1. Inlay: It restores one to five surfaces of the crown of a tooth, without ever covering the cusps. The occlusal surface is always involved with one or two proximal surfaces, and with a possible extension into the vestibular or lingual groove for molars.

2. Onlay: An onlay is an extension of the inlay when partial cusp coverage is required. It replaces one to three cusps. The tissue loss is more extensive, so the prosthetic volume will be greater.

3. Precious alloys:

Gold inlay -onlay has several advantages over ceramic or composite inlays. These include:

• the sealing, which itself depends on the quality of the seal and the finishing method (burnishing type);
• a biomechanical advantage: gold in fact helps to limit the consequences of parafunctions;
• longevity;
• occlusion stability.

Regarding aesthetics, perception is specific to the patient and can be modulated. The therapist’s role requires educational work on the part of the practitioner.

Gold inlay-onlay is indicated in cases of significant caries susceptibility, parafunction, and invisibility of the lesion. The selected metal is class IV gold.

4. Sealing: 

 The “sealing” 

 Aggregation of a prosthetic restoration on a natural tooth or an implant by 

 through a “sealing cement”. 

 “Sealing cement” 

• Friable material 
• obtained by acid-base reaction between different components 
• aiming to aggregate a prosthesis fixed on a pillar. 
• It infiltrates the micro-roughnesses of the intrados of the crown and the pillars 

 The “hold” of the seal is mainly due to the fingering of the sealing cement 

 which enter into the irregularities of surfaces brought into contact. So if we have surfaces 

 fully polished, we reduce retention for sealing. 

 This involves “wedging” the element onto the preparation using cement which fills the space between 

 the tooth prosthetic restoration. 

 The required properties of an assembly material: 

• Adhesion to dental tissues and prosthetic materials 
• Immediate and mediate sealing of the dento-prosthetic joint (low solubility of cements 

 in biological and food fluids; e.g.: if there is a hiatus in the provisional then the 

 cement will dissolve which will cause the temporary to move) 

• Thinnest possible film thickness (25 μm ADA) 
• Low viscosity (ease of placement) 
• Biocompatibility (pulp and periodontal: neutral pH, low exothermicity) 
• Easy handling 

• few steps 
• long working hours 
• fast setting time 
• ease of excess elimination,…) 

• Not very sensitive to handling 
• Thermal and electrical insulation (if a metal crown is placed and the tooth is 

 alive underneath then it will be in pain hence the need for good insulation. 

• Radiopaque (to check that we have it everywhere, but also to avoid it 

 confuse with a hiatus or a cavity. This also allows x-rays to be taken to see if there is 

 has cement in places it shouldn’t be) 

• High mechanical properties (compressive, shear and tensile strength) 

 traction) 

• Color Choice for Aesthetic Restorations 
• Versatility in compatibility with different prosthetic materials (universability) 
• Reasonable cost 

Zinc Oxyphosphate (final cement):

Products: Fleck’s Cement, Mizzy Inc. Detrey, Dentsply Detrey.

Use has declined significantly since the advent of adhesive seals, but there are still indications of frequent use.

It ensures assembly by pseudo-adhesion (mechanical interactions through surface irregularities → micro-keying). No adhesive bond.

 Composition : 

• The cement is obtained by extemporaneous mixing 
• a yellow powder (zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, etc.) 
• a colorless liquid (Phosphoric acid: 66% Water: 33% +/- 5%). 
• The composition varies depending on the manufacturer. 

• The setting reaction is an acid-base reaction. Acid + base → salt + water 
• The problem is that the water will evaporate gradually and therefore the properties of the 

 cement will change. The liquid becomes cloudy and therefore they must be thrown away. 

• The pH is acidic at the end of the mixture but it quickly tends towards neutrality which 

 explains the good biological tolerance of this cement. 

 This is not a problem when working on living teeth because we quickly tend towards the 

 neutrality and in addition we will create a hybrid layer before laying the cement. 

– The setting is exothermic: from 4 to 10°C. 

 Implementation: 

• Homogenize the liquid (phosphoric acid is heavier than water) and the powder. 
• Respect the powder/liquid ratio indicated because the industrial (weak point because we are not very 

 accurate) 

• Cooled, non-wet glass plate (dry the plate after removing it from the 

 refrigerator because if it is humid it will change the properties, the fact that it is cold 

 this helps reduce setting time) and clean metal spatula 

• The powder pile is divided into 6 piles: 1⁄4, 1⁄4, 1⁄4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/16. (Plard does not 

 like that, he prefers to make a single rail but longer) 

• the powder is incorporated into the liquid heap by heap very gently , slowly in 

 starting with the smallest piles. At the end of the mixing the cement runs between the spatula and the 

 plate. 

• Many factors influence setting time: 

• the temperature of the glass plate (refrigerator saves time) 
• the powder/liquid ratio (if we increase the liquid we decrease the mechanical properties 

 but the setting time increases) 

• the proportion of water 
• the mixing speed (you have to mix slowly to have more time) 

Properties :

• Thermal and electrical insulation
• opaque (unaesthetic)
• very good waterproofness.
• Micro-keying adhesion

Indications :

• crowns

• metallic
• CCM
• CCC (high toughness infrastructure ceramic only alumina and zirconia)
• when the main principles of retention are respected ( correct conicity, correct occlusion curves, etc.).
• fixed plural prosthesis

= Bridge (if we make a prosthesis of 10 teeth for example we must consider that there is more chance of having a problem and therefore it must be possible to dismantle it. (big advantage of this cement).

• cast coronal-radicular reconstruction (inlay-core) +/-.

• possibility of disassembly for maintenance or repair (periodontal maintenance, endodontic intervention or re-intervention, ceramic chipping repair, etc.).
• temporary cement by increasing the proportion of liquid or adding water

CVI (Glass Ionomer Cement) Developed in 1970

Composition :

polyalkenoate cement – ​​acid-base type setting reaction

• Powder: glass fluoroaluminosilicate (alumina, silica, fluorite, fluorine)
• Liquid: polyalkenoic acid polyelectrolyte

 Implementation 

 → Apply 25% polyacrylic acid for 15 seconds to the dentin in order to 

 to remove the smear layer and then dry without excess. 

 → This therefore makes it possible to increase the membership of CVIs. 

 → “Journal of the American Dental Association”: the mixture is made at a rate of half of 

 the spatulated powder for 15 seconds, the remainder being divided in two, then incorporated into 

 15 seconds for each pile. 

 → The preparation of the cement must therefore be completed in 60 seconds, after which time its 

 consistency will be creamy. 

 → Once the crown is in place, you must wait until the excess cement is 

 become fragile and eliminate them with a probe. 

Properties :

• The setting time is long: 7 to 10 min (clinically effective).
• The complete reaction takes at least 24 hours.
• Working time: 2 to 3 minutes from the start of mixing.
• The film thickness is between 15 and 23 μm and these materials are very thixotropic (a material that becomes more fluid under stress, the same for concrete blocks)

= allowing easy sealing and good marginal adaptation.

• Traction and flexion are correct.
• The thickness of the gasket is thin.
• There is a release of fluoride.
• Thermal conductivity is identical to that of dentin.

Biological properties:

Glass ionomers release fluoride throughout the life of the restoration.

• BENEFITS

• Chemical adhesion to dental and prosthetic structures.
• Its fluoride release:

→ inhibits the metabolism of bacteria.

→ remineralizes dental tissues.

→ increases resistance to demineralization of dental tissues.

• Low solubility in the mouth (once the cement has set).
• Correct compressive, tensile and flexural strength.
• Thickness of the thin joint.
• DISADVANTAGES

• Very rigorous sealing protocol to have optimal physical and biological properties.
• Long setting time.
• Short working time in the case of sealing multiple prostheses.
• Responsible for pulp irritation due to acidity or imbibition of tubular liquid by the cement.

CVIMAR (Glass ionomer cement modified by the addition of resin ):

Properties comparable to CVI

• increased retention
• ease of implementation (simple insulation) compared to gluing.
• Same method for setting up as a CVI.

Reference cement for many clinical situations:

• inlay-core
• metal crowns,
• metal-ceramic
• metal-ceramic
• high tenacity reinforcements.

3. Preparation for sealed inlay:

An inlay is only indicated if the lesion is not very extensive, because it only replaces the loss of substance, without protecting the entire crown.

1. proximo occlusal nlay:

 Features : 

 Occlusal trench 

 with a (170L) 

 It is established at its final dimension 

• From a marginal pit 
• Following the main furrow and the secondary furrows 
• Pulp floor
  • flat 
  • perpendicular to the insertion axis 
  • Depth 1.5mm 
• Cavity boundaries should avoid occlusal impact surfaces 
• Walls
  • divergent 
  • Absence of undercut 

 Proximal boxes 

• the trench is deepened at the level of the marginal ridge until it is exceeded 

 from the contact point (169L) 

• The cavity will be widened to the final width of the box
  • Shaping the box (169L/email chisel) 
• Finishes (169L/ enamel chisel) 

 V-groove (MINNESOTA groove) 

• gingival margin trimmer 
• At the junction between the axial wall and the floor of the proximal box 
• Role: Improves inlay stabilization 

 Flares: 

• The vestibular and lingual flares are made with a flame burr 

 diamond or hatchet chisel 

 at the expense of the axial walls of the box and the proximal walls of the teeth 

• allow to obtain a metallic edge 

 sharp on the finishing line 

 Edge chamfers 

• Cervical chamfer from 30° to 45° (D flame)
  • Continuous between the flares 
• Occlusal chamfer 15° to 20° (D flame)
  • Starting at the occlusal 1/3 of the trench walls 

III-2-Variant of preparations for less used inlays (they are often treated by obturation) 

 direct) 

 class I. class III Class V

4. Preparation for onlay MOD:

Indication:

• very dilapidated teeth with intact lingual and vestibular cusps;
• MOD cavities with a very wide trench;

devitalized cuspid tooth, with healthy vestibular and lingual cusps

 Features : 

 Regarding inlay preparation: 

 In relation to the desired preparation: 

 the cavity is complete. Whatever tooth is considered, it has the following characteristics: 

 following: 

• main cavities and isthmus: the topography of the cavity at this level is at all points 

 comparable to an inlay. Their dimensions are fixed by dentin decay; 

• covering wall: this involves reinforcing the palatal cusp supporting occlusion, 

 benefit from less decay of the more visible vestibular cusp. The remains are fixed 

 by the slope of the conicity of the cutter, therefore always used parallel to the axis 

 chosen insertion point. Classically, the cervical limit of the shoulder is located at mid-height 

 between the cervical floor of the main cavities and the pulp wall of the isthmus. Above 

 of this wall, a simple or double chamfer allows to maintain a metallic thickness 

 constant; 

• bevel, counter-bevel and beveling: at the mesial and distal level, the bevels are identical 

 to those described for intracoronary IMC. It should be noted that they must be carefully 

 connected to each other, and that the palatal bevel, the proximal bevels and the counter-bevel 

 vestibular therefore represent only one and the same continuous and peripheral beveling. 

 Note: in the mandible, the occlusion support cusps being vestibular, there is no 

 does not provide the same aesthetic benefits as in the maxilla. 

 Reduction of the occlusal surface: 

• FD tapered with round end 
• The reduction is:
  • 1mm csp guide and 1.5mm csp support 
  • 0.5 mm vestibulo-occlusal angle (visibility of metal) 
• Chamfer of the external slope of the support cusp 
• Polish the occlusal cusp faces and the chamfer of the external slope with the 

 strawberry171 in CT 

• Occlusal limit
  • 1mm wide shoulder (171L) 
  • A deep leave (round end) 

 Occlusal trench 

 Retention and stabilization element (F171L) 

• AIM:
  • Removal of old fillings or cavities 
  • Reinforce the onlay with increased metal thickness 

 Proximal boxes: 

• The proximal boxes are roughed out (169L) and shaped (170L) by the same 

 technique for an inlay 

 Flares: 

• Flares are usually set in place with the end of a flame cutter 

 diamond-cut, from the inside of the boxes 

 Chamfering the edges: 

• Chamfer of the cervical edge of the boxes (0.5-0.7mm) 
• Production (D flame): 

 Continuous between the flares without causing undercutting 

• Finish (CT flame) 
• Chamfer of the vestibular and lingual limits (0.5-0.7mm) Made using a D 

 flame 

• Finished using a CT 170L 

5. Impressions of the preparations and temporary prosthesis: 

 After preparing the cavity, an impression of the affected arch is taken after 

 having carried out, if necessary, a retraction or a gingival eviction. This precision impression 

 can be performed using reversible hydrocolloids or addition silicone. 

 Recording of the occlusion, then of the opposing arch, is also necessary. 

 Laboratory deadlines require us to put in place a temporary restoration, either 

 in self-polymerizing resin, if the occlusal contacts have been eliminated by the preparation, 

 either, if the pair of opposing teeth retains indentations, by a simple filling 

 in temporary cement. 

 The imprint is the link between the operator and the technician. If the quality of the IMC is 

 subject to rigorous and systematic conduct of the various operating times at 

 At the laboratory level, manipulations must be carried out in the same spirit of strict 

 precision, while close collaboration between practitioner and prosthetist appears 

 essential. 

6. Positive unit model and laboratory treatment: 

 The impression is cast in stone plaster. When it is completely set, and after the 

 demolding, a removable unitary positive model (MPU) is produced. 

This technique, which has become very common, allows the tooth to be reconstructed to be separated 

 of the rest of the model, while allowing its exact repositioning, in relation to the teeth 

 adjacent. The goal is to be able to easily access the proximal preparation limits. 

 The removable MPU can be positioned, relative to the working model, by means of 

 of conical copper rods or stainless steel tenons, having an axial flat of 

 repositioning, in a plaster or plexiglass base. It can also be 

 made from casting a plaster base into a plastic mold (Die-Lock) 

 partial (hemiarcade) or involving the entire arcade. The interior of this mold is hollowed out with 

 furrows. 

 The separation is made by a partial saw cut at the interdental level, followed by a fracture 

 clear of the plaster. The fragments of the model can, at any time and with precision, 

 find their position in the mold using the markers on their base. 

 Processing of the removable unitary positive model: Clipping: 

 This operation consists of revealing the cervical limit of the preparation, by eliminating 

 with a large round cutter the underlying plaster. A groove is thus created, beyond the 

 finishing line, so as to remove unnecessary reliefs at this location. 

 Materialization of the finishing line: 

 The cavity boundary will be outlined using a thin, grease-free pencil. 

 The color used must be bright and different from that of the waxes used. This gives a 

 sharp contour line. 

Compensating coating: 

 or Die-Spacer, adhering to the plaster and intended to provide the necessary space for the cement 

 sealing. This varnish is stopped 2 mm from the edges of the preparation, in order to maintain a 

 optimal dentoprosthetic seal. 

 Hardening the edges of the preparation with cyanoacrylate glue for strength 

 of the plaster preparation. 

 Preparation isolation: 

 To prevent the wax from sticking to the plaster, the cavity is coated with microfilm (Kerr insulator). 

 Mounting in occluder or articulator: 

 In the case of a single inlay, the mounting of the hemi-arches on an occluder or the 

 making plaster keys are usually sufficient. When making cavities 

 complex and multiple, the programming of an articulator is essential. 

 Wax model: 

 The precise adaptation of an IMC is linked to the fidelity of reproduction of the wax on the model. 

 The model is constructed with several waxes of different physical properties. A wax 

 hard wax is used for the realization of the central parts of the IMC. A softer and 

 inert is used for final edge corrections, but also for the background of the 

 cavity (intrados), in order to obtain optimal precision of the details of the preparation 

 A, B. Cut of the green wax 1 mm from the finishing line. 

 Finishing the edge of the model: 

A. Addition of inert red wax. B. Leveling of the wax with an excess of 1 to 2 tenths of 

 millimeter. C. Cut perpendicular to the occlusal surface in strict coincidence with the 

 contour line. 

 Completed wax model 

 Fixing the casting rod: 

 The sprue must be fixed to the model at its maximum thickness, in order to 

 allow the metal to reach all points of the mold. The assembly is removed from the MPU, in 

 taking care to avoid any deformation. 

 Model and cylinder: 

 The free end of the sprue is fixed to the cone. Uniform expansion of the mold is 

 linked to the regular distribution of the refractory material around the model. The latter 

 is therefore placed in the center of the cylinder. 

 Coating, wax removal and casting of the model 

 Obtaining the foundry piece, from the wax model, fitted with its rod 

 casting, involves three stages: 

• the coating 
• wax removal 
• the casting of the molten metal alloy: They are type II, following the classification of 

 the American Dental Association. Of sufficient mechanical strength, these materials are little 

 elastic, slightly deformable, therefore suitable for browning. 

 Demolding, sandblasting, stripping: 

 The fracture of the coating allows demolding. The extracted casting is then 

 cleaned and then sandblasted with 50 lm aluminum oxide. The surface of the IMC appears tarnished 

 by oxidation products. This surface layer is removed by “stripping”. 

 Inspection of the casting under a magnifying glass 

 Casting rod section and part placement on MPU 

 Precision of occlusal sculpture using a cylindrical cone bur mounted on a workpiece 

 hand. This instrument redraws the grooves and occlusal reliefs. The occlusal relationships 

are checked with carbon paper. Premature contacts are removed, until they are found 

 the same occlusal impacts established previously on the wax model. (We must 

 found on metal). 

 Adjusting the proximal contact point: After polishing the sprue trace, the 

 Removable MPU is repositioned on its base. The contact point is gradually adjusted 

 until adequate contact is achieved. 

 Laboratory polishing of cast metal inlay with a grinding wheel 

 rubber without excessive pressure and without ever reaching the edges. a final sanding of the 

 model, without metal removal, is made in the laboratory. 

 Note: The part is oversized 

 To allow for burnishing and finishing in the mouth, the prosthetist must maintain a relief 

 edges of approximately 2 tenths of a millimeter, except in cervical areas inaccessible to the 

 burnishing, where the inlay is perfectly adjusted to the limits of the preparation. 

7. Fitting and adjustment: 

 The purpose of the fitting is to ensure the perfect fit of the inlay in its cavity and 

 to check that this part fits into the entire stomatognathic system. 

 Despite the high precision of reproduction and the care taken in producing the IMCs, it may 

 errors may still exist. An adjustment control is therefore established at the proximal level and 

 occlusal. 

 For reasons of clarity, we will not describe the finishing of the joint in this paragraph. 

 dentoprosthetic which will be treated later. 

 Removal of the temporary filling: 

 The material used is deposited using a probe, an excavator or ultrasound. 

 Contact point control: 

 The inlay is presented in the mouth, in its cavity, in order to control the point of contact. 

 Punctate in young people, more spread out over a small area in older people, the point of contact 

 must be tight enough to avoid any food settling. 

 When trying it on, it is checked using a sheet of occlusion paper. The face 

 proximal can thus be rectified until a suitable contact is obtained. 

 First fitting of the cast piece in the mouth: no pressure is exerted at this time. 

Sinking control: 

 The inlay is positioned and pressed in using pressure from the opposing teeth. 

 through a Medart. 

 It must come to rest immediately, fully and any failure to push in must result in 

 the elimination of the proposed part which must be remade from a new impression. 

 Installation of the cast metal inlay (IMC) using a Médart 

 Occlusion control: 

 The occlusal relationships, in the “convenience position”, are checked before sealing. 

 uses a fine occlusion control sheet. At this point, any overbite or any 

 premature contact is eliminated, only the contacts planned during development are retained 

 of the wax model. 

 When restoring with overlaps, dynamic occlusion must 

 also be studied. The analysis of cusp paths can, in fact, and in particular in 

 the case of group function, lead to modifying the occlusal anatomy. 

 Adjustment of the dentoprosthetic joint: 

 The adjustment of the dentoprosthetic joint represents an operating time whose technique 

 delicate is specific to IMCs and gives them great reliability. The burnishing is carried out 

 from the excess metal, deliberately left on the periphery of the casting. This 

 maneuver is performed mechanically on all free access areas, areas 

 inaccessible being manually browned. 

 Mechanical browning: 

 At the occlusal level: The burnishing of the occlusal reliefs is carried out before sealing with 

 an “Alpine” mounted point. The rotation should cause the grinder to push the metal towards the 

 amellar edge: this is a burnishing carried out perpendicular to the limit 

 dentoprosthetic. This results in a stretching of the superficial planes of the gold alloy towards 

 dental limits and a closure of the hiatus tooth filling 

 The grinding wheel can be artificially clogged with pink wax, in order to reduce 

 the abrasive effect. The mounted tip must be driven at a rather slow rotation speed, under 

 strong pressure. 

 Occlusal burnishing: a white mounted “alpine” type point stretches the metal towards the edge 

 adamantine (centrifugal and lateral burnishing). 

 direction of rotation is chosen so that the resultant of the forces exerted on the metal 

 either directed towards the enamel edges 

 At the proximal level: Proximal browning is carried out, at the vestibular and palatal level, by 

 flexible abrasive discs (“Soflex” discs [Pop-on-3M]), driven by a movement of 

 rotation whose direction is always from the metal towards the tooth. 

 Restricted: 

 This is a manual work hardening, parts inaccessible to mechanical burnishing of 

 the BMI. During the final insertion of the inlay into its cavity, the configuration of the bevel, 

 ending at 30°, will create a wedge effect, increased by the thickness of the cement. The 

 sealing therefore results in constraints tending to separate the gold fin and in particular 

 at the proxonocervical level where any intervention is impossible 

When the cast metal inlay is pressed in, the grouting cement has 

 tendency to spread the metal at the end of the proximal bevel (wedge effect). 

 Principle of necking. B. Carrying out necking on an instrument (or a neck 

 cylindrical and regular instrument. 

8. Sealing: 

 Casting treatment: 

 Before sealing, the IMC should be cleaned and degreased by immersion in a 

 stripper (Type “Selfast”). Removed from this liquid, the inlay is carefully air-dried. 

 We recommend sticking the IMC, by its occlusal face, to a plugger, using a drop of 

 sticky wax, which allows easy handling of the cement-coated inlay 

 sealing, then inserted into the cavity. 

 Cavity swab: 

 Just like the intrados of the IMC, the cavity must be perfectly cleaned (H2O2) and dried. 

 The surgical field is set up (air drying and salivary rolls). 

 Sealing itself: 

 Zinc oxyphosphate sealing cement (Crown and Bridge type [of 

 Trey]) should be mixed to obtain a semi-liquid creamy consistency. The cement of 

 sealant is deposited on the intrados of the IMC, as soon as the spatulation is finished. 

 The loaded metal part, glued to the rammer, is presented in the cavity. The rammer is 

 separated from the IMC and the sinking of the latter is completed, thanks to the pressure of the 

 antagonistic teeth, through a Medart. 

 Manual browning: 

 With the IMC in place, the Medart is maintained throughout the crystallization of the cement 

 (approximately 5 minutes). This time is used to manually burnish the contour line. In 

In fact, when the inlay is inserted, the cement, by being eliminated at the joints, can 

 induce stresses which tend to lift the very fine edges, obtained by burnishing 

 mechanical. 

 It is therefore advisable to carry out a quick manual browning of the IMC, longitudinal to the 

 the finishing line to obtain a peripheral crushing of the metal on the enamel tissue. 

 Occlusal burnishing is performed by following the contour line of the IMC, using a 

 round or ogival burnisher. 

 Manual and longitudinal burnishing of the occlusal periphery of the metal inlay 

 casting. This crushing is carried out using an ogival burnisher. 

 Manual burnishing along the periphery of the proximal bevel: this burnishing is carried out at 

 using a mouth spatula. 

 At the proximal level, the anatomy preventing the passage of a burnisher, the crushing of the 

 metal, associated with the exit of excess cement, is always carried out longitudinally, but 

 with the very blunt end of a mouth spatula. 

 Once the cement has hardened, the Medart is removed. The sealed IMC must meet, 

 from this moment, to all the criteria of anatomophysiological reconstruction and present a 

 optimal adaptation at the level of its finishing line. 

 Removal of residual cement: 

Direct: all steps are carried out at the dental office			‘footprint	optics as well as
the design and manufacture of the prosthesis).

At the occlusal level, the excess hardened sealing cement comes off in blocks with the probe 

 as well as at the proximal level. However, at this level, dental floss is used to 

 remove small residual debris. 

 Final polishing: 

 The aim of this final phase is to obtain a perfect shine of the metal surfaces 

 somewhat altered by the manipulations imposed on the IMC during this second session 

 clinical. 

 Soft abrasives are used to avoid tearing off the metal. First, 

 passes a rubber cup loaded with pumice and water over all surfaces 

 accessible from the IMC. 

 Then round or concave brushes , loaded with “Polymax”, allow you to reach the 

 sought-after polishing. 

XI-Conclusion: 

 The acronym CAD/CAM stands for Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. In dentistry, 

(L

Virtually any material (ceramics, metals and resins) can be used in
CAD/CAM. Each material has different characteristics.		that he	is important to
know, in order to choose the most suitable material for the prosthesis which will have to be
made.

PARTIAL ANCHORS IN ALLOYS

  Untreated cavities can cause painful abscesses.
Untreated cavities can cause painful abscesses.
Dental veneers camouflage imperfections such as stains or spaces.
Misaligned teeth can cause digestive problems.
Dental implants restore chewing function and smile aesthetics.
Fluoride mouthwashes strengthen enamel and prevent cavities.
Decayed baby teeth can affect the health of permanent teeth.
A soft-bristled toothbrush protects enamel and sensitive gums.
 

PARTIAL ANCHORS IN ALLOYS