GYNECOLOGICAL TUMORS
I- Introduction/Generalities:
Gynecological tumors are benign or malignant tumors located in the breasts or female genital organs (uterus, ovary or more rarely the vulva, vagina or fallopian tubes).
II – Breast tumors:
1/ Malignant tumors: Breast cancer
It is the most common cancer in women. Several risk factors may exist: early puberty, late menopause, late first pregnancy , no pregnancy, no breastfeeding, hormonal treatment, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, history of breast cancer in the family, genetic factors, etc.
Clinical signs:
*Breast mass: painless, irregular, often hard, sometimes fixed, with or without signs of inflammation
*Axillary adenopathy: hard, painless, sometimes fixed with or without inflammatory monkeys
*Changes in the skin or nipple: ulceration, redness, orange peel skin
nipple retraction, discharge.
Treatment: mainly based on surgery, other therapeutic methods are also used: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy.
Breast cancer screening +++ by mammography every 2 years from the age of 40.
2/ Benign tumors:
-Adenofibroma: common in young women between 20 and 30 years old
-Intraductal papilloma: develops in the mammary ducts
-Phyllodes tumor: can degenerate when it is high grade
-Other rare tumors: lipoma, hemangioma, hamartoma, adenoma, neurofibroma, etc.
III- Ovarian tumors:
1/Malignant tumors: Ovarian cancer
It most often results from a malignant degeneration of the epithelial cells lining the ovary, generally developing insidiously, without causing clinical signs at the beginning of its growth. Its diagnosis is therefore difficult and is often made late.
It can be revealed by: chronic pelvic pain, ascites, bleeding, etc.
Treatment: mainly surgical, chemotherapy is used in almost all stages (except stage IA grade 1)
2/Benign tumors:
-Benign epithelial tumors: cystadenoma, adenofibroma, cystadenofibroma
-Benign stromal tumors: thecoma, fibroma, Leydig cell tumor
-Benign germ cell tumors: mature teratoma
-Cysts: these are often functional cysts.
III- Uterine tumors:
1/Malignant tumor of the uterus:
* Endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine body): which begins in the cells of the inner lining of the uterus (called the endometrium). It is revealed by postmenopausal metrorrhagia (cancer of postmenopausal women ++); surgery is the curative treatment for localized forms. For advanced forms, chemotherapy is indicated.
* Cervical cancer: originates in the lower part of the uterus (called the cervix). This is a cancer of young women associated with a genital infection by a sexually transmitted virus called HPV (human papilloma virus) oncogenic, found in 99.7% of cases.
Other risk factors for cervical cancer are smoking (risk multiplied by 3), early sexual intercourse and immunosuppression.
Treatment is mainly based on radiotherapy and surgery.
Cervical cancer screening is based on:
*Cervical smear in women aged 25 to 65 (the first 2 tests one year apart, if the results are normal a smear will be carried out every 3 years)
* the HPV-HR test ( detection of High Risk HPV viruses) can replace the cytological examination of the smear in women between 30 and 65 years old.
2/Benign tumors of the uterus:
-Fibroma (leiomyoma): common benign tumor
-Polyp
-Endometriosis
IV-Other rare gynecological tumors:
– Vulvar tumors: benign cyst, malignant carcinoma, melanoma
-Vaginal tumors: cyst, carcinoma
-Tumors of the fallopian tubes.
GYNECOLOGICAL TUMORS
Wisdom teeth may need to be extracted if they are too small.
Sealing the grooves protects children’s molars from cavities.
Bad breath can be linked to dental or gum problems.
Bad breath can be linked to dental or gum problems.
Dental veneers improve the appearance of stained or damaged teeth.
Regular scaling prevents the build-up of plaque.
Sensitive teeth can be treated with specific toothpastes.
Early consultation helps detect dental problems in time.