DIABETES AND NUTRITION
DIABETES
I – DEFINITION:
Diabetes is defined as a fasting blood sugar level greater than or equal to 1.26 g/dL on two occasions.
It is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or insulinopenia, when the body is not able to use insulin effectively or “insulin resistance”.
II – INTEREST OF THE QUESTION:
- Prevalence: Diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014
- Diagnosis: 1- of capital interest in order to reduce complications such as: blindness, renal failure, myocardial infarction (MI), strokes and amputation of the lower limbs.
2 – type 1 diabetes or insulinopenia formerly called DID: insulin-dependent diabetes and type 2 diabetes DNID: non-insulin-dependent diabetes
3 – 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes in 2019
- Prevention: healthy nutrition and regular physical activity, a normal weight without tobacco consumption as well as regular screening help prevent the onset of diabetes.
III – POSITIVE DIAGNOSIS:
1 – clinical: – polyuria – polydipsia and weight loss are the clinical signs of type 1 diabetes. More precise sign than type 2 diabetes: in case of type 2 diabetes the signs and symptoms are subtle and imprecise such as: – fatigue – itching in the genitals – slower healing – frequent infections and blurred vision.
Sometimes a complication such as eye damage will reveal the diagnosis.
2 – para clinical:
a – venous blood sugar ≥ 1.26 g/dl on 2 occasions
b – positive urine strip when venous blood glucose is ≥1.80 g/dl
c – glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C): diabetes if greater than 6%. This reflects the blood sugar levels of the last 3 months preceding the laboratory measurement of the normal level between 4 and 6%.
d – HGPO: hyperglycemia induced by oral route: after 12 hours of fasting, at rest, for a screening test for type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes. Diabetes if > 7.7 mmol/l on 2 occasions (1.40 g/l). Gestational diabetes if > 5.0 mmol/l (0.90 g/l).
IV – CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES:
1 – Macroangiopathy: damage to the large vessels is atherosclerosis secondary to a deposit inside the vessels called “atheroma plaque” which leads to a narrowing of the arteries.
Part of Macroangiopathy:
- HBP (high blood pressure) – arterial disease of the lower limbs – coronary artery disease and MI – CVA (stroke)
2 – Microangiopathy: damage to small vessels
a – diabetic retinopathy: micro-occlusions, then dilations of the vessels, towards microaneurysms with hemorrhages and ischemia; leading to new vessels
b – diabetic nephropathy:
Lesions of the glomerulus causing impaired renal function.
c – diabetic neuropathy:
May affect peripheral nerves or the ANS (autonomic nervous system).
DIABETIC NUTRITION
I – Dietetics: (mainly type 2 diabetes)
a – two objectives:
1 – reduce excess weight to reduce insulin resistance
2 – avoid the hyperglycemic peak (after meals and at night)
b – quantitatively:
Diet depends on BMI or IMC: body mass index (= weight/height²) which is normal between 20 and 25 kg / m² and a waist circumference of 80 cm in women and 94 cm in men defining abdominal obesity. Obesity if BMI ≥30 kg / m² and overweight if 25 < BMI < 30
c – qualitatively:
1 – the food distribution must be normal 50% carbohydrates, 30% lipids and 20% proteins
2 – rapidly absorbed sugars (pure sugar, honey, chocolate, jams, etc.) are reduced or eliminated, even better: in favor of starchy foods, although it is necessary to compare their glycemic index and choose the lowest.
d – diabetic prescriptions:
1 – a moderate restrictive diet: is sufficient to cause a weight loss of several kg and a near-normalization of blood sugar levels.
2 – in severe cases: hospitalization and diet ≤ 1000 calories/day which is necessarily unbalanced, but it is the only way to “start” effective treatment.
3 – Well-conducted diet:
Enough to normalize blood sugar levels in many obese type 2 diabetics .
II – Foods prohibited in type 2 diabetes:
Called fatty diabetes; do not consume foods with a high glycemic index: certain fruits (cherries, bananas, grapes, etc.), jams, honey, pastries, industrial dishes, soda, fruit juice, ice cream, etc. alcohol and tobacco, white sandwich bread, mashed potatoes, industrial dishes.
III – Foods that reduce type 2 diabetes:
- Lemon – eggplant – cider vinegar – ginger – cinnamon – edamame – soybeans which naturally lower blood sugar levels.
a – 9 Anti-diabetes foods:
1 – lemon 2 – avocado: anti-cholesterol and appetite suppressant and rich in antioxidants 3 – spinach 4 – oats 5 – onion: reduces sugar and triglycerides 6 – garlic 7 – ginger 8 – cinnamon: increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin 9 – chili pepper: prevents hyperglycemia and reduces stroke and MI
b – low glycemic index ≤ 55: – barley – al dente pasta – parboiled rice – oat bran – cereals with psyllium – oatmeal.
IV – Physical activity:
Prioritize walking and adapt your diet to physical activity.
DIABETES AND NUTRITION
CONCLUSION :
Diabetic nutrition allows for control of blood sugar and weight: this prevents cardiovascular complications, the prognosis of which remains dire.
DIABETES AND NUTRITION
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