BENIGN TUMORS
1. MACROSCOPY
a)Size
Their size is extremely variable, from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
b) Form
A benign tumor is well limited and does not invade neighboring tissues.
If it develops in deep tissues. A benign tumor developed in glandular tissue, is encapsulated, nodular and corresponds to an adenoma . The capsule is formed by the compression of normal neighboring tissues by the expansive growth of the tumor. It does not correspond to a fibro-inflammatory reaction as is found for example in abscesses or the walls of parasitic cysts such as the hydatid cyst. This capsule constitutes a cleavage plane facilitating surgical enucleation of the tumor.
Numerous exceptions
Some benign tumors are not limited: histiocytofibroma (benign dermal skin tumor). A benign bone tumor is not encapsulated but it does not destroy the bone cortex and does not infiltrate the periosteum
Conversely, some slow-growing cancers are surrounded by a capsule but macroscopic examination
careful examination shows that it is often crossed by the tumor and that there may be nodules at a distance.
On the other hand, on a coating, it realizes an exophytic proliferation . It can be sessile , that is to say spread on the surface, raised and provided with a wide base of implantation or pedunculated, that is to say connected to the original tissue by a long, slender and flexible pedicle which contains the vessels.
Exceptions
Verrucous squamous carcinoma of the oral mucosa which macroscopically takes the appearance of a papilloma.
Macroscopic examination of a section cut
On macroscopic examination, the tumor resembles the surrounding normal tissue. Example: a lipoma resembles adipose tissue, a chondroma resembles cartilage. What differentiates a tumor from normal tissue is the absence of organization or the modification of
architecture in relation to the normal fabric of the neighborhood.
Examples: a lipoma will not be formed of regular lobules like adipose tissue.
A benign tumor usually does not contain foci of necrosis. However, the tumor may present fibrous and hemorrhagic changes.
Example: parotid adenoma remodeled by areas of fibrosis and calcifications.
Macroscopic examination allows a study of the capsule, its integrity is a sign of benignity.
Macroscopic examination allows us to specify the quality of the surgical excision
2. Microscopy
The microscopic examination will focus on the directed samples taken during the macroscopic examination of the surgical specimen. It will allow:
To study cell proliferation
Neoplastic cells resemble the cells of the tissues in which they formed, they are easily identified. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is normal. Mitoses are also normal, rarely numerous.
Three criteria will be sought and must be absent:
Cytonuclear atypia
Extension in the form of emboli for example
Stroma reaction
The diagnosis must then specify the exact type of tumor in all the classifications offered to us.
To study the capsule and specify the quality of the excision.
Microscopic examination must specify the integrity of the capsule. This criterion during surgical enucleation of the tumor makes it possible to confirm that the excision passes into healthy tissue.
A diagnosis of adenoma can only be made after studying the entire capsule. Also, during macroscopic examination, all nodular lesions deforming the parenchyma must be removed in their entirety
For benign tumors of the mucous membranes or skin covering, microscopic examination allows us to specify the histological type of the tumor but also the absence of extension of epithelial proliferation in the foot of the tumor.
3. Evolution
The benign tumor can cause the destruction of the organ in which it has developed but without infiltrating it .
Example: a parotid adenoma can lead to destruction of the gland
Most often, there is no recurrence even if the excision is limited to the BENIGN TUMORS
1. MACROSCOPY
a)Size
Their size is extremely variable, from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
b) Form
A benign tumor is well limited and does not invade neighboring tissues.
If it develops in deep tissues. A benign tumor developed in glandular tissue, is encapsulated, nodular and corresponds to an adenoma . The capsule is formed by the compression of normal neighboring tissues by the expansive growth of the tumor. It does not correspond to a fibro-inflammatory reaction as is found for example in abscesses or the walls of parasitic cysts such as the hydatid cyst. This capsule constitutes a cleavage plane facilitating surgical enucleation of the tumor.
Numerous exceptions
Some benign tumors are not limited: histiocytofibroma (benign dermal skin tumor). A benign bone tumor is not encapsulated but it does not destroy the bone cortex and does not infiltrate the periosteum
Conversely, some slow-growing cancers are surrounded by a capsule but macroscopic examination
careful examination shows that it is often crossed by the tumor and that there may be nodules at a distance.
On the other hand, on a coating, it realizes an exophytic proliferation . It can be sessile , that is to say spread on the surface, raised and provided with a wide base of implantation or pedunculated, that is to say connected to the original tissue by a long, slender and flexible pedicle which contains the vessels.
Exceptions
Verrucous squamous carcinoma of the oral mucosa which macroscopically takes the appearance of a papilloma.
Macroscopic examination of a section cut
On macroscopic examination, the tumor resembles the surrounding normal tissue. Example: a lipoma resembles adipose tissue, a chondroma resembles cartilage. What differentiates a tumor from normal tissue is the absence of organization or the modification of
architecture in relation to the normal fabric of the neighborhood.
Examples: a lipoma will not be formed of regular lobules like adipose tissue.
A benign tumor usually does not contain foci of necrosis. However, the tumor may present fibrous and hemorrhagic changes.
Example: parotid adenoma remodeled by areas of fibrosis and calcifications.
Macroscopic examination allows a study of the capsule, its integrity is a sign of benignity.
Macroscopic examination allows us to specify the quality of the surgical excision
2. Microscopy
The microscopic examination will focus on the directed samples taken during the macroscopic examination of the surgical specimen. It will allow:
To study cell proliferation
Neoplastic cells resemble the cells of the tissues in which they formed, they are easily identified. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is normal. Mitoses are also normal, rarely numerous.
Three criteria will be sought and must be absent:
Cytonuclear atypia
Extension in the form of emboli for example
Stroma reaction
The diagnosis must then specify the exact type of tumor in all the classifications offered to us.
BENIGN TUMORS
To study the capsule and specify the quality of the excision.
Microscopic examination must specify the integrity of the capsule. This criterion during surgical enucleation of the tumor makes it possible to confirm that the excision passes into healthy tissue.
A diagnosis of adenoma can only be made after studying the entire capsule. Also, during macroscopic examination, all nodular lesions deforming the parenchyma must be removed in their entirety
For benign tumors of the mucous membranes or skin covering, microscopic examination allows us to specify the histological type of the tumor but also the absence of extension of epithelial proliferation in the foot of the tumor.
3. Evolution
The benign tumor can cause the destruction of the organ in which it has developed but without infiltrating it .
Example: a parotid adenoma can lead to destruction of the gland
Most often, there is no recurrence even if the excision is limited to the tumor (enucleation) and passes into healthy tissue. If tumor tissue is left in place, a recurrence of the initial tumor without worsening of the prognosis may be observed.
It is not responsible for the death of the wearer. However, they can be dangerous due to:
Their location (pituitary adenoma)
Their functional characteristics. Neoplastic cells, like their normal counterparts, are functional (enucleation) and pass into healthy tissue. If tumor tissue is left in place, a recurrence of the initial tumor without worsening of the prognosis may be observed.
It is not responsible for the death of the wearer. However, they can be dangerous due to:
Their location (pituitary adenoma)
Their functional characteristics. Neoplastic cells, like their normal counterparts, are functional.
BENIGN TUMORS
Wisdom teeth can cause infections if not removed.
Dental crowns restore the function and appearance of damaged teeth.
Swollen gums are often a sign of periodontal disease.
Orthodontic treatments can be performed at any age.
Composite fillings are discreet and durable.
Composite fillings are discreet and durable.
Interdental brushes effectively clean tight spaces.
Visiting the dentist every six months prevents dental problems.