Anomalies of dental development
Introduction :
Dental anomalies are linked to the development of teeth. They concern both temporary and permanent teeth.
- Number anomalies:
The number of teeth can be either reduced or increased.
These anomalies are often accompanied by morphological anomalies or eruption anomalies.
On X-ray: anomalies in the number of teeth are noted by reduction or increase.
- Reduction anomalies:
Definition: absence of embryonic outline of one or more germs .
Etiology: hereditary .
Diagnosis: dental panoramic: confirms the absence of the germ with elimination of other diagnoses.
Partial number reduction : hypodontia.
Reduction in the total number : anodontia.
-Oligodontia: reduction of at least 25% in the total number of teeth .
-Anodontia: Total absence of teeth, uni or bimaxillary .
- Increase in the number of teeth:
Polyodontics/hyperodontics.
Classification:
-Dysmorphic hyperodontia or supernumerary tooth:
Definition: tooth of atypical shape, conoid, reduced volume .
Location: upper central interincisor region.
-Hyperodontia molars and premolars:
Supernumerary molars, additional premolars.
-Syndromic hyperodontia.
Consequences :
– Prevent the eruption of a permanent tooth.
-Divert the evolution of permanent teeth.
-Malpositions ……
- Morphological anomalies:
Affects all or part of the tooth, on X-ray: visualization of dental size anomalies.
- Size anomalies:
Localized to a tooth or group of teeth .
Etiologies: hereditary, endocrine .
True macrodontia or dental gigantism.
Relative macrodontia.
Localized macrodontia: of one or more teeth.
Microdontia: localized or generalized.
Etiologies: hereditary, endocrine
Generalized microdontia or dental dwarfism.
Localized microdontia.
Radicular dwarfism.
- Positional anomalies: on X-ray: anomalies linked to dental position.
- Inclusion:
Tooth retained in the bone after its normal eruption date.
- Transposition :
Reversal of the usual position of two teeth.
- Heterotypy :
Canine near the orbit, wisdom tooth in the ascending branch.
- Shape anomalies : on X-ray: dental shape anomalies.
- Bullfighting :
Tooth with apically extended pulp cavity.
- Invagination : tooth within tooth.
- Coronary dilaceration .
- Fusion, germination, concrescence.
- Structural anomalies :
- Erosion; stigma, hypoplasia, dysplasia, dyscromia.
- Classification : genetic anomalies, congenital, acquired permanent, acquired transient.
- Dysplasia of genetic origin: amelogenesis imperfecta : matrix deficiency, on X-ray : radiolucent streaks.
- Hypomineralized imperfect amelogenesis : X-ray: low density.
- Hypomature amelogenesis imperfecta : spotted or opaque enamel.
- Dentin dysplasia: imperfect dentinogenesis : more or less intense coronal wear; X-ray: globular crowns, invisible pulp chambers.
- Coronal dentin dysplasia : involvement of baby teeth; amber appearance.
- Root dentin dysplasia : short or absent roots….
- Amelodentin dysplasia: odontodysplasia : yellow teeth; hypoplastic size, hypocalcified teeth, radiography: radiolucency.
- Congenital anomalies :
- Porphyria: all teeth are affected.
- Neonatal hemolytic jaundice.
- Others :
- Trauma: enamel hypoplasia.
- Systemic dental infections and abnormalities .
Anomalies of dental development
Early cavities in children need to be treated promptly.
Dental veneers cover imperfections such as stains or cracks.
Misaligned teeth can cause difficulty chewing.
Dental implants provide a stable solution to replace missing teeth.
Antiseptic mouthwashes reduce bacteria that cause bad breath.
Decayed baby teeth can affect the health of permanent teeth.
A soft-bristled toothbrush preserves enamel and gums.